The ephemeral effects of fact-checks on COVID-19 misperceptions in the United States, Great Britain and Canada.

Widespread misperceptions about COVID-19 and the novel coronavirus threaten to exacerbate the severity of the pandemic. We conducted preregistered survey experiments in the United States, Great Britain and Canada examining the effectiveness of fact-checks that seek to correct these false or unsupported beliefs. Across three countries with differing levels of political conflict over the pandemic response, we demonstrate that fact-checks reduce targeted misperceptions, especially among the groups who are most vulnerable to these claims, and have minimal spillover effects on the accuracy of related beliefs. However, these reductions in COVID-19 misperception beliefs do not persist over time in panel data even after repeated exposure. These results suggest that fact-checks can successfully change the COVID-19 beliefs of the people who would benefit from them most but that their effects are ephemeral.

Aspectos teórico-metodológicos e éticos na pesquisa qualitativa em psicologia social de base construccionista / Theoretical-methodological and ethical aspects in qualitative research in social psychology with a constructionist basis / Aspectos teórico-metodológicos y éticos en la investigación cualitativa en psicología social con base construccionista

Partimos do pressuposto que o rigor científico da pesquisa qualitativa é dar visibilidade às decisões teórico-metodológicas e considerar as implicações éticas decorrentes. Nesta direção, adotamos a perspectiva das práticas discursivas e produção de sentidos, uma das vertentes da psicologia social de base construcionista. Para tanto, expomos detalhadamente os procedimentos de produção e análise realizados em uma dissertação sobre atuação de psicólogas no campo do HIV/aids. Defendemos a explicitação de todos os passos, ajustes, refinamentos, incorporações e procedimentos adotados. O rigor da produção de conhecimento que defendemos está baseado não na busca de rigidez, mas nos alcances da maleabilidade, que à primeira vista é contraditório, mas ao juntar-se à visibilidade, assenta na boa qualidade da pesquisa. Além disso, ressaltamos que uma postura ética não se limita ao cumprimento de Resoluções de Ética

We infer that scientific rigor of qualitative research is to give visibility to theoretical and methodological decisions and to consider ethical implications arising from the knowledge production process. We adopt the perspective of discursive practices and production of meanings, one of the aspects of social psychology with constructionist basis. For this purpose, we set out in detail the production and analysis procedures carried out in a dissertation on the role of psychologists in the field of HIV/AIDS. We defend the explanation of all steps, adjustments, refinements, incorporations and procedures adopted. The rigor of the knowledge production we defend is based not on the search for rigidity, but on the reach of malleability, which at first sight is contradictory, but when added to the visibility, it is based on the good quality of the research. In addition, we emphasize that an ethical posture is not limited to compliance with Ethical Resolutions

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Exploring the "like" in the psychological interaction of users on fan community: A netnography analysis.

Little is known about the psychology behind fans joining fan community pages in a blog context; the factors driving them to like, share, and comment on posts on fan community pages; or the manner in which fans experience and interact with such pages. These topics were not given sufficient explanation in past research. This study aimed to explore the special situations and unique online experiences that fans community experience in a blog context. A netnography analysis was conducted through online interviews and field observations. Three phases of contextual experiences were determined, including observing and collecting data online, active participation, and emergent design. The contribution of this study is its establishment of the fan community experience model, which is a substantive theory, and its suggestion of nine propositions that can provide insights into fan community page interaction and experience models.

The MTurkification of Social and Personality Psychology.

The potential role of brief online studies in changing the types of research and theories likely to evolve is examined in the context of earlier changes in theory and methods in social and personality psychology, changes that favored low-difficulty, high-volume studies. An evolutionary metaphor suggests that the current publication environment of social and personality psychology is a highly competitive one, and that academic survival and reproduction processes (getting a job, tenure/promotion, grants, awards, good graduate students) can result in the extinction of important research domains. Tracking the prevalence of brief online studies, exemplified by studies using Amazon Mechanical Turk, in three top journals ( Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology) reveals a dramatic increase in their frequency and proportion. Implications, suggestions, and questions concerning this trend for the field and questions for its practitioners are discussed.

Cross-cultural invariance of emotional skills and competence questionnaire between Portugal and Croatia

Emotional intelligence (EI) and its measures have been widespread across several countries and cultures and the need for valid and robust measures that could expand research on international settings is on the current agenda. This study aimed to assess the measurement invariance of a widely used self-report EI measure, Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire (ESCQ), in two cultural contexts (Portugal vs. Croatia). The ESCQ, a 42-item self-report EI scale which comprises three dimensions - Perceive and Understand Emotion, Express and Label Emotion and Manage and Regulate Emotion - was administered to 1,188 Portuguese and Croatian secondary students. The results showed that the ESCQ had satisfactory reliability and the three-factor structure was replicated on both country samples. Configural (χ2 = 308.71, df = 220, p < .01; RMSEA = .030, CFI = .956, TLI = .948) and partial metric (Δχ2 = 9.102, Δdf = 10, p = .522; ΔCFI = −.01, ΔRMSEA = .002) and scalar (Δχ2 = 15.290, Δdf = 21, p = .083; ΔCFI = .001, ΔRMSEA = .006) invariances were supported across groups. This EI measure invariance cross-cultural study highlighted cultural particularities related to emotional competence in Portugal and Croatia contexts and contributed to bring awareness to the validity of cross-cultural studies in the emotional abilities field (AU)

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The eudaimonic component of satisfaction with life and psychological well-being in Spanish cultures / El componente eudaimónico de la satisfacción con la vida y el bienestar psicológico en culturas hispanas

BACKGROUND: In the study of well-being there are two partially overlapping traditions that have been developed in parallel. Subjective well-being (SWB) has been associated with the hedonistic approach of well-being, and psychological well-being (PWB) with the eudaimonistic one. However, satisfaction with life, the most common SWB indicator, is not strictly a hedonic concept and contains many eudaimonic components. The objective of this research is to examine whether a Eudaimonic Well-being G-Factor of Satisfaction with Life (SWLS) and Psychological Well-being Scales (PWBS) emerges. METHOD: 400 people from the general population of Colombia (Study 1) and 401 from Spain (Study 2), recruited via advertisement, voluntarily participated and filled in a booklet containing, in order of appearance, the PWBS and the SWLS. RESULTS: According to our hypothesis, parallel analysis, eigenvalues, scree plot graphs and exploratory factor analysis (Study 1) suggested the existence of a one-factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis (Study 2) indicated that this one-factor model provided excellent data fi t. Results of a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis confirmed cross-cultural factor invariance. CONCLUSIONS: These results question the view that the satisfaction with life indicator is uniquely hedonic and point to the need for a greater integration between hedonic and eudaimonic traditions

ANTECEDENTES: en el estudio del bienestar existen dos tradiciones parcialmente solapadas que se han desarrollado en paralelo. El bienestar subjetivo (BS) se ha asociado tradicionalmente con la aproximación hedonista y el bienestar psicológico (BP) con la eudaimonista. Sin embargo, la satisfacción con la vida, el indicador más empleado de BS, incluye componentes claramente eudaimónicos. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar si emerge un Factor G-Bienestar Eudaimónico de la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (ESV) y las Escalas de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff (EBP). MÉTODO: 400 personas de población general de Colombia (estudio 1) y 401 de España (estudio 2) completaron, en este orden, las EBP y las ESV. RESULTADOS: el Análisis Paralelo de Horn y el Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (estudio 1) indicaron la existencia de una estructura de un factor. El Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (estudio 2) demostró que el modelo de un factor se ajustaba de forma excelente a los datos. Mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio multi-grupo se confirmó la invarianza factorial transcultural. CONCLUSIONES: estos resultados cuestionan que la satisfacción con la vida sea un indicador únicamente hedónico y señalan la necesidad de que se produzca una mayor integración entre la tradición hedónica y eudaimónica

Multisystemic therapy in Chile: A public sector innovation case study / Terapia multisistémica en Chile: un estudio de caso de innovación en el sector público

This report describes the process that allowed the implementation of Multisystemic Therapy (MST) in Chile. The case can be considered as innovative, due the little experience in the country about the implementation of high quality, evidence-based programs for crime prevention. The description of the process from the perspective of the author may provide useful information for policy makers interested in implementing evidence-based crime prevention practices

Este reporte describe el proceso que permite la implementación de Terapia Multisistémica (MST) en Chile. El caso puede ser considerado como innovador, dada la poca experiencia en el país sobre la implementación de programas de alta calidad, basados en evidencia, para la prevención del delito. La descripción del caso desde la perspectiva del autor puede aportar información útil a diseñadores de políticas interesados en la implementación de prácticas para la prevención del delito basadas en evidencia

Spanish adaptation of the internal functioning of the work teams scale (QFI-22) / Adaptación al español de la escala de Funcionamiento Interno de los Equipos de Trabajo (QFI-22)

BACKGROUND: The aim of this article is to develop the Spanish adaptation of the internal functioning of Work Teams Scale (QFI-22). METHODS: The scale was adapted from the French version, and was applied to a sample of 1,055 employees working for firms operating in Spain. The article analyses the internal structure (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) and internal consistency, and provides convergent validity evidence of the scale. RESULTS: The QFI-22 scale shows the same internal structure as the original. Factor analysis confirmed the existence of two factors: interpersonal support and team work management, with good internal consistency coefficients (α1 = .93, α2 = .92). Regarding validity evidence, the QFI-22 scale has significant correlations with other correlates and alternative scales used for comparison purposes. The two factors correlated positively with team vision, participation safety, task orientation and support for innovation (Team Climate Inventory, TCI scale), with progressive culture (Organisational Culture, X-Y scale), and with creating change, customer focus and organisational learning (Denison Organizational Culture Survey, DOCS scale). In contrast, the two factors correlated negatively with traditional culture (X-Y scale). CONCLUSION: The QFI-22 scale is a useful instrument for assessing the internal functioning of work teams

ANTECEDENTES: el objetivo del artículo es adaptar al español la escala de Funcionamiento Interno de los Equipos de Trabajo (QFI-22). MÉTODO: se adaptó la versión francesa y se aplicó a una muestra de 1.055 empleados. Se analizaron la estructura interna (análisis factorial exploratorio y análisis factorial confirmatorio), la consistencia interna y evidencias de validez convergente de la escala investigada. RESULTADOS: QFI-22 muestra la misma estructura interna que la versión original. El análisis factorial confirma la existencia de dos factores: apoyo interpersonal y gestión del trabajo en equipo, con buenos coeficientes de consistencia interna (α1= ,93; α2= ,92). En cuanto a las evidencias de validez, la escala ha obtenido evidencias de relaciones significativas con otros correlatos y escalas de contraste. Los dos factores correlacionan positivamente con la visión, seguridad en la participación, orientación a la tarea y ayuda a la innovación (escala TCI, Team Climate Inventory); con la cultura progresista (escala X-Y de cultura organizativa), y con la orientación al cambio, orientación al cliente, y aprendizaje organizativo (escala Denison Organizational Culture Survey, DOCS); y negativamente con la cultura tradicional (escala X-Y). CONCLUSIÓN: la escala QFI-22 se configura como un instrumento útil para la evaluación del funcionamiento interno de los equipos de trabajo

Psychometric properties of the school anxiety inventory-short version in Spanish secondary education students / Propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Ansiedad Escolar-Versión Abreviada en estudiantes españoles de Educación Secundaria

BACKGROUND: The School Anxiety Inventory (SAI) can be applied in different fields of psychology. However, due to the inventory's administration time, it may not be useful in certain situations. To address this concern, the present study developed a short version of the SAI (the SAI-SV). METHOD: This study examined the reliability and validity evidence drawn from the scores of the School Anxiety Inventory-Short Version (SAI-SV) using a sample of 2,367 (47.91% boys) Spanish secondary school students, ranging from 12 to 18 years of age. To analyze the dimensional structure of the SAI-SV, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were applied. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were calculated for SAI-SV scores. RESULTS: A correlated three-factor structure related to school situations (Anxiety about Aggression, Anxiety about Social Evaluation, and Anxiety about Academic Failure) and a three-factor structure related to the response systems of anxiety (Physiological Anxiety, Cognitive Anxiety, and Behavioral Anxiety) were identified and supported. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability were determined to be appropriate. CONCLUSIONS: The reliability and validity evidence based on the internal structure of SAI-SV scores was satisfactory

ANTECEDENTES: el School Anxiety Inventory (SAI) puede ser aplicado en diferentes ámbitos de la Psicología aunque, debido su tiempo de administración, puede que no resulte útil en ciertas ocasiones. Para solucionar este problema, el presente estudio desarrolló una versión breve del SAI (el SAI-SV). MÉTODO: este estudio examinó la evidencia de fiabilidad y validez extraída de las puntuaciones del Inventario de Ansiedad Escolar-Breve (SAI-SV) utilizando una muestra de 2.367 (47,91% varones) estudiantes españoles de Secundaria, entre 12 y 18 años. Con el fin de analizar la estructura dimensional del SAI-SV se aplicaron análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios. La consistencia interna (coeficientes alfa de Cronbach) y la fiabilidad test-retest se calcularon para las puntuaciones de la SAI-SV. RESULTADOS: una estructura de tres factores correlacionados en relación con las situaciones escolares (Ansiedad sobre Agresividad, Ansiedad sobre la Evaluación Social y Ansiedad sobre el Fracaso Escolar) y una estructura de tres factores relativos a los sistemas de respuesta de ansiedad (Ansiedad Fisiológica, Ansiedad Cognitiva y Ansiedad Conductual) fueron identificados y apoyados. La consistencia interna y la fiabilidad test-retest fueron apropiadas. CONCLUSIONES: la evidencia de fiabilidad y validez basada en la estructura interna de las puntuaciones del SAI-SV fue satisfactoria

Why include phenomenological analysis in a Research Methods course? / Por qué incluir el análisis fenomenológico en un curso de métodos de investigación

Background: Guidelines for Spanish university curricula include the descriptor Quantitative and Qualitative Methods, but the latter are still poorly represented. Method: To inform the argument for phenomenological methods, the last 20-year interval of ISI databases has been content-analyzed with the following codes: discourse analysis, grounded theory, narrative analysis, phenomenological analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, that is, four qualitative methods and a prototypical quantitative one. Results: In absolute terms, the most frequent qualitative method is grounded theory, followed by discourse analysis, phenomenological analysis and narrative analysis. However, taking into account content categories, only phenomenological analysis shows a clear psychological profile, similar to confirmatory factor analysis. Conclusions: We recommend starting qualitative training with a method that does not require either big groups, or big funding, and that has a procedural core that is simple, relatively well delimited and 'secularizable' a variety of thematic analysis. Historical reasons and the clear psychological profile evidenced by our results enhance our argument to foster the inclusion of phenomenological analysis in research method courses in psychology (AU)

Antecedentes: las líneas orientadoras de los planes de estudio de Psicología incluyen el descriptor métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos, pero estos últimos aún se encuentran mal representados. Método: para informar una parte del argumento a favor del método fenomenológico, se ha analizado el contenido del último intervalo de 20 años de bases de datos ISI con los códigos correspondientes a cuatro métodos cualitativos -análisis del discurso, teoría enraizada, análisis narrativo y análisis fenomenológico- y uno cuantitativo prototípico, el análisis factorial confirmatorio. Resultados: en términos absolutos, el método cualitativo más empleado es la teoría enraizada, seguida del análisis del discurso, el fenomenológico y el narrativo. Sin embargo, considerando los campos de aplicación, solo el análisis fenomenológico muestra un perfil claramente psicológico, muy similar al del análisis factorial confirmatorio. Conclusiones: se propone comenzar la formación cualitativa de los futuros psicólogos por un método que no requiere grandes grupos, ni recursos, y que cuenta con un núcleo procedimental sencillo, relativamente bien delimitado y 'secularizable', una variante de análisis temático. Al perfil de metodología especial que se hace evidente en los resultados del estudio anterior, se añade la procedencia histórica para favorecer la inclusión del análisis fenomenológico en los cursos de métodos de investigación psicológica (AU)

Recruitment and Selection in Europe: one step beyond / Reclutamiento y selección en Europa: un paso adelante

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Revisión de algunas variables relevantes en el establecimiento de metas deportivas / Literature Review on Some Relevant Variables in Goal Setting in Sport

El propósito del presente trabajo es examinar la influencia de algunas variables relevantes en el proceso de establecimiento de metas, como son la proximidad, la especificidad, la dificultad y la efectividad de las mismas, a través de la revisión de la literatura científica al respecto. Para ello, se siguen las directrices señaladas por autores destacados en este ámbito de estudio. Los resultados de la revisión no revelan posturas concluyentes en relación a la influencia de la proximidad, la especificidad y la dificultad de las metas. Contrariamente, se encuentran evidencias más consistentes a favor de la efectividad del empleo de esta estrategia psicológica como herramienta para la mejora del rendimiento en distintas tareas motoras (AU)

The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of some relevant variables in the goal setting process, such as the proximity, specificity, difficulty and effectiveness, throughout the literature review. Accordingly, we follow the guidelines outlined by relevant authors in this topic. Results are not conclusive with regards to the proximity, specificity and difficulty in goal setting. Contrarily, it is found a more consistent evidence in favor of the effectiveness in the use of this psychological strategy as a tool to enhance motor skills performance (AU)

When ab ≠ c - c': published errors in the reports of single-mediator models.

Accurate reports of mediation analyses are critical to the assessment of inferences related to causality, since these inferences are consequential for both the evaluation of previous research (e.g., meta-analyses) and the progression of future research. However, upon reexamination, approximately 15% of published articles in psychology contain at least one incorrect statistical conclusion (Bakker & Wicherts, Behavior research methods, 43, 666-678 2011), disparities that beget the question of inaccuracy in mediation reports. To quantify this question of inaccuracy, articles reporting standard use of single-mediator models in three high-impact journals in personality and social psychology during 2011 were examined. More than 24% of the 156 models coded failed an equivalence test (i.e., ab = c - c'), suggesting that one or more regression coefficients in mediation analyses are frequently misreported. The authors cite common sources of errors, provide recommendations for enhanced accuracy in reports of single-mediator models, and discuss implications for alternative methods.

A measure of group dissimilarity for psychological attributes

El funcionamiento y el rendimiento de los grupos en contextos diferentes están relacionados con el grado en que las características de los miembros son complementarias o suplementarias. El presente artículo describe un procedimiento para cuantificar el grado de disimilitud a nivel de grupo. A diferencia de la mayoría de técnicas existentes, el procedimiento que aquí se describe está normalizado y es invariante a los cambios de localización y escala. Por lo tanto, es posible comparar la disimilitud en escalas con diferente métrica y en grupos de distinto tamaño. La disimilitud está medida en términos relativos, independientemente de la posición que ocupan los individuos en la dimensión que mide la escala. Cuando no existe una justificación teórica para combinar las diversas propiedades medidas, se puede cuantificar la disimilitud para cada escala por separado. También es posible obtener las contribuciones diádicas e individuales respecto a la diversidad global y la asignada a cada escala. Las medidas descriptivas pueden ser complementadas con la significación estadística para, así, comparar los resultados obtenidos con distribuciones discretas de referencia, ya sean simétricas o asimétricas. Se ha elaborado un paquete en R que permite obtener los índices descriptivos y los valores p, además de contener las expresiones desarrolladas para simular una amplia variedad de distribuciones discretas de probabilidad(AU)

Group functioning and performance in different contexts is related to the extent to which group members are complementary or supplementary in terms of psychological attributes. This paper describes a procedure for quantifying the degree of dissimilarity at group level. Unlike most existing techniques the one described here is normalized and is both location and scale invariant, thereby making it suitable for comparing dissimilarity on interval and ratio scales with different ranges and in groups of different sizes. Dissimilarity is measured in relative terms regardless of the exact place on the scale at which individuals are located. When a combination of several scales is not theoretically justified, the dissimilarity for each scale can be quantified. Additionally, dyadic and individual contributions to either the global or scale index can be obtained. The descriptive measures are complemented by statistical significance values in order to compare the results obtained with several discrete distributions of reference, both symmetrical and skewed, which can be specified using the expressions developed. The information that can be provided by the indices and the p values - both obtainable through an R package - is illustrated using data from an empirical study (AU)

Positive and negative affect schedule: psychometric properties for the Brazilian Portuguese version

This study is about the validity and item analysis for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), respectively through the Exploratory Factor Analysis (principal components method) and the Partial Credit Model (PCM). The scale has been largely used in areas ranging from clinical to social psychology since its release in 1988 by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen. In order to assess validity and item properties (Item Response Theory paradigm), this is study administered PANAS to 354 respondents, 115 male and 239 female subjects, with an average age of 29.5 (SD = 10,18). The results show PANAS’s excellent psychometric properties, with consistent dimensions and reliable item functioning, considering the Rasch measurement paradigm expressed in the PCM as an Item Response Theory model for polytomous data. The study considers important cultural issues and the results support more cautious translations for scales as well as further studies concerned with cross-cultural differences on the perception of affect states (AU)

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Treating stimuli as a random factor in social psychology: a new and comprehensive solution to a pervasive but largely ignored problem.

Throughout social and cognitive psychology, participants are routinely asked to respond in some way to experimental stimuli that are thought to represent categories of theoretical interest. For instance, in measures of implicit attitudes, participants are primed with pictures of specific African American and White stimulus persons sampled in some way from possible stimuli that might have been used. Yet seldom is the sampling of stimuli taken into account in the analysis of the resulting data, in spite of numerous warnings about the perils of ignoring stimulus variation (Clark, 1973; Kenny, 1985; Wells & Windschitl, 1999). Part of this failure to attend to stimulus variation is due to the demands imposed by traditional analysis of variance procedures for the analysis of data when both participants and stimuli are treated as random factors. In this article, we present a comprehensive solution using mixed models for the analysis of data with crossed random factors (e.g., participants and stimuli). We show the substantial biases inherent in analyses that ignore one or the other of the random factors, and we illustrate the substantial advantages of the mixed models approach with both hypothetical and actual, well-known data sets in social psychology (Bem, 2011; Blair, Chapleau, & Judd, 2005; Correll, Park, Judd, & Wittenbrink, 2002).

The burden of social proof: shared thresholds and social influence.

Social influence rises with the number of influence sources, but the proposed relationship varies across theories, situations, and research paradigms. To clarify this relationship, I argue that people share some sense of where the "burden of social proof" lies in situations where opinions or choices are in conflict. This suggests a family of models sharing 2 key parameters, one corresponding to the location of the influence threshold, and the other reflecting its clarity--a factor that explains why discrete "tipping points" are not observed more frequently. The plausibility and implications of this account are examined using Monte Carlo and cellular automata simulations and the relative fit of competing models across classic data sets in the conformity, group deliberation, and social diffusion literatures.

TripleR: an R package for social relations analyses based on round-robin designs.

In this article, we present TripleR, an R package for the calculation of social relations analyses (Kenny, 1994) based on round-robin designs. The scope of existing software solutions is ported to R and enhanced with previously unimplemented methods of significance testing in single groups (Lashley & Bond, 1997) and handling of missing values. The package requires only minimal knowledge of R, and results can be exported for subsequent analyses to other software packages. We demonstrate the use of TripleR with several didactic examples.